The delay in menstruation, the depressed mood, knowing that the baby should not arrive as scheduled, and the lack of knowledge about sex have brought endless worries and pain. What should I do when encountering such problems?

Let’s take a look at the characteristics and symptoms of miscarriage.

1. Threatened abortion usually manifests as a small amount of vaginal bleeding before 8 weeks of pregnancy, followed by paroxysmal lower abdominal pain or low back pain. Gynecological examination showed that the cervix was not dilated, the fetal membranes were not ruptured, the products of pregnancy were not discharged, and the size of the uterus was consistent with the number of weeks after menopause. Some patients improve after rest and treatment. If vaginal bleeding increases or lower abdominal pain worsens, miscarriage may become inevitable.

2. Unavoidable miscarriage means that miscarriage is inevitable. It develops from threatened abortion, when vaginal bleeding increases, paroxysmal lower abdominal pain worsens, or vaginal discharge (rupture of membranes) occurs. Gynecological examination shows that the cervix has been dilated, and sometimes embryonic tissue or fetal sac can be seen blocked in the cervix. The size of the uterus is consistent with or slightly smaller than the number of weeks after menopause. At this time, the uterine contractions gradually intensify, and if the pregnancy continues to progress, the pregnancy tissue may be partially or completely discharged, leading to incomplete or complete miscarriage.

3. Incomplete miscarriage means that the products of pregnancy have been partially excreted from the body, and some remain in the uterine cavity, which develops from inevitable miscarriage. Because some of the products of pregnancy remain in the uterine cavity, it affects uterine contraction, causing uterine bleeding to continue, and even hemorrhagic shock due to excessive bleeding. Gynecological examination shows that the cervix has been dilated, and blood is constantly flowing out of the cervix. Sometimes it can be seen that the placenta tissue is blocked in the cervix or part of the pregnancy products has been discharged into the vagina, while part of it remains in the uterine cavity. Generally the uterus is smaller than the number of weeks after menopause.

4. Complete miscarriage means that all the products of pregnancy have been discharged, vaginal bleeding gradually stops, and abdominal pain gradually disappears. Gynecological examination showed that the cervix was closed and the uterus was close to normal size.

5. Missed abortion means that the embryo or fetus has died and remains in the uterine cavity and has not been discharged naturally. When it occurs in early pregnancy, it is also called embryonic arrest. After the death of the embryo or fetus, the uterus no longer increases but shrinks, and the early pregnancy reaction disappears. If the pregnancy reaches the second trimester, the pregnant woman's abdomen will not increase in size and the fetal movement will disappear. Gynecological examination showed that the cervix was not dilated, the uterus was smaller than the number of weeks after menopause, and the texture was not soft. No fetal heartbeat was heard.

6. Abortion infection During the abortion process, if vaginal bleeding lasts too long, tissue remains in the uterine cavity, or illegal abortion is performed, it may cause intrauterine infection. In severe cases, the infection can extend to the pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity and even the whole body, and may be complicated by pelvic inflammatory disease. , peritonitis, sepsis and septic shock, etc., are called abortion infections.

Causes of spontaneous abortion:

1. Embryonic underdevelopment: Abnormal pregnancy eggs are the main cause of early miscarriage. In the first two months of pregnancy, about 80% of miscarriages are due to some defects in sperm and eggs, which cause the embryo to develop to a certain extent and terminate. Therefore, no original embryonic tissue can be seen in the discharge of this kind of abortion.

2. Endocrine dysfunction: Under the action of progesterone, the fertilized egg can implant on the uterine wall and grow and develop into a fetus. When the secretion of progesterone in the body is insufficient, the uterine decidua will be underdeveloped, thus affecting the development of fertilized eggs and easily causing miscarriage. If prostaglandins increase, it will cause frequent contractions of the uterine muscles and may also lead to miscarriage. Reduced thyroid function can impede the oxidative capacity of cells, thereby affecting the growth and development of the embryo and leading to miscarriage.

3. Systemic diseases in pregnant women: Pregnant women suffer from acute infectious diseases such as influenza, typhoid, and pneumonia. Bacterial toxins or viruses enter the fetus through the placenta, causing fetal poisoning and death. High fever can promote uterine contraction and cause miscarriage. Pregnant women suffering from chronic diseases such as severe anemia, heart failure, chronic nephritis and hypertension can cause fetal disability due to placental infarction and intrauterine hypoxia, leading to miscarriage. Malnutrition in pregnant women, especially vitamin deficiency, as well as mercury, lead, and alcohol poisoning can cause miscarriage.

4. Trauma: The pregnant woman's abdomen is hit and squeezed by external forces, and the pregnant woman falls or participates in heavy physical labor or strenuous sports; abdominal surgery such as appendicitis or ovarian cyst surgery can cause uterine contraction and miscarriage.

5. Placental dysplasia: The fetus grows and develops in the mother's body, and the mother's nutrients and oxygen are mainly transported to the fetus through the placenta. If the placenta develops poorly or has disease, the fetus will not get nutrients and oxygen and will stop growing, causing miscarriage.

Five principles for preserving the fetus after threatened abortion

1. Pregnancy period. In principle, the preservation time is 2 weeks. If the symptoms do not improve after 2 weeks, it indicates that the embryo may have abnormal development. B-type ultrasound examination and β-HCG measurement are required to determine the status of the embryo and provide corresponding treatment. If necessary, the pregnancy should be terminated.

2. Protect the fetus according to the reason. Whether a threatened abortion leads to miscarriage often depends on whether the embryo is abnormal. After rest and treatment, the cause of the miscarriage is eliminated, and the pregnancy can still continue. For example, if a threatened abortion is caused only by excessive fatigue, physical labor, abdominal trauma, etc., the fetus can be preserved as long as the embryo is healthy. If it is due to endocrine disorders, such as luteal insufficiency (luteal insufficiency [Translation]: the ovary does not form a corpus luteum after ovulation, resulting in insufficient progesterone secretion. The main manifestations are shortened menstrual cycles, frequent menstruation, infertility or miscarriage.) or thyroid function Threatened abortion caused by low blood pressure, etc. can be treated with progesterone, vitamin E or thyroid hormone supplementation.

3. Pay attention to rest. Pregnant women should rest more in bed and reduce activity, but this does not mean that they should lie in bed 24 hours a day and do not move. They should do light activities appropriately. Sexual life must be prohibited and unnecessary vaginal examinations should be minimized to reduce stimulation to the uterus. In addition, avoid stimulating the breasts, as stimulating the breasts can also cause uterine contractions and lead to threatened miscarriage.

4. In threatened abortion, you need to pay attention to abdominal pain. If you have backache or a bloated feeling in the lower abdomen that cannot be relieved after rest, or even worsens, you should be more vigilant. If lower abdominal pain worsens, is accompanied by vaginal bleeding, and discharge of tissue-like material, you should report it to your doctor promptly.

5. Don’t use drugs indiscriminately for miscarriage. Pregnant mothers who find signs of threatened miscarriage should go to the hospital for examination as soon as possible instead of choosing miscarriage pills at will. Because there are many causes of threatened abortion, the treatment methods also vary from person to person. If you cannot choose miscarriage drugs according to the cause, it will be very dangerous to the fetus.