Nomadic tribes, because they live without barriers, are easily attacked by foreign enemies. Therefore, strong men protect the family, and the management of livestock and tents is entrusted to women, the elderly and the weak. Before the dual marriage system was strictly established, there were three reasons why women in such a society had the magical power to overcome everything:

(1) Sexual relations turn men upside down.

(2) By controlling the relationship between food, clothing and supplies, all men in the group are invisibly restrained.

(3) The relationship of nurturing the baby with breast milk will win the love and care of the whole group.

This naturally forms a female-centered system. Because women are generally weak and lack the power to control the majority. Therefore, only when the group develops to a very large scale and often has to fight with other tribes, will the male power rise to become the king and transform into a male-centered society. Assuming that this society has been immersed in smallness, isolation, peace, and quietness for a long time, then this female-centered system may continue for a long time. Near Gangdise in Tibet, there was a female-centered society in ancient times. It was actually a female state during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Most of the records of foreign countries in the West written in books from the Sui, Tang and Song dynasties described the "Nv Kingdom", or the "Eastern Nv Kingdom". Its location is in what is now Tibet.

Zhaba is the "Eastern Women's Country"

In today's Tibetan areas, the marriage system of "polyandry" and the recruitment of sons-in-law, as well as "uncle rights", are still preserved Supreme marriage etiquette; women play a dominant role in the family.

Zhaba may be one of the more than 80 cities in the "Eastern Women's Kingdom". Researcher Ren Xinjian discovered through long-term research and field inspections that the center of the "Eastern Women's Kingdom" was in the area from Danba County to Daofu County in Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan today, which also belonged to Dangxiang Qiang. Zhaba is also within the scope of this "Eastern Women's Kingdom". Because it is located in a canyon and isolated from the outside world, ancient customs have been preserved. For example, the people in Zhaba live in watchtowers, which is consistent with the people in the "Eastern Girl Country" living in high-rise buildings; and the remnants of matrilineal clans in Zhaba families, where mothers are the main ones, are a reflection of the "Eastern Girl Country" in which women are kings.

As the most knowledgeable person in the Zhaba area, Mr. Cizhuqupei went to college at Southwest Normal University in Chongqing during the late Cultural Revolution. He was also the principal of the Zhaba Central Primary School. Now he is the principal of the Zhaba area. cultural and educational officer. He is well respected locally. He said, "The reason for polyandry is to keep the property from going out."

What is polyandry like?

When explaining why there is polyandry, he believed that in this poor and isolated canyon area, due to the small area of ​​land and cultivated land, a family cannot be divided indefinitely. Through the method of "polyandry", the outflow of family property can be prevented. "If a family has three children who each marry a wife and have children, they will inevitably have to reorganize the family, build new watchtowers, and buy daily utensils. This is something that people in this area cannot afford." "The mother's absolute authority in the family cannot be changed. If a woman from another family is introduced, this pattern will definitely change." Teacher Cizhu also believes that this is related to the respect for mothers in this area and the preservation of part of the matrilineal clan tradition.

${FDPageBreak}Polyandry Family Relationship

Tibetan traditional polyandry families include brothers sharing wives, friends sharing wives, and very few fathers and sons sharing wives. But the most important, common and overwhelming practice in Kham is that brothers share wives. Before liberation, Mr. Tan Yinghua surveyed 45 polyandry families in today's Ganzi area. Among them, 44 were brothers and had 101 men, with an average of 2.3 people per household. There was 1 non-brothers and 2 husbands. .

In polyandry families, it is most common for brothers to share wives, followed by three brothers sharing wives. It is only a rare phenomenon that four or more brothers share wives. In Dingqing Village, Dingqing County, Qamdo, there are 120 polyandry families with 257 husbands, with an average of 2.29. There are 9 polyandry households in Tuoba Township, Qamdo County, including 7 households with one wife and two husbands, accounting for 78%, and one household each with one wife and three husbands, and one wife and four husbands, accounting for 11% respectively.

The relationship between husband and wife in polygamous families also has unique characteristics. In Qamdo, there is a common social evaluation standard for wives in polygamous families. If they can unite several brothers, be filial to their parents, and live in harmony as a family, they are considered virtuous and will be praised by public opinion. On the other hand, if a brother makes a fuss about separating the family after marriage, he will be criticized by public opinion if he accuses his wife of being partial. This concept is deeply ingrained and everyone knows it.

Women with polyandry

After marriage, women will be warned by their elders to treat their husbands equally and not to favor one person over another, such as Song from Dinka Village in Gongjue County. That said, she married four brothers. After the marriage, the old man told her that she should treat the brothers as equals and unite them. Therefore, polyamorous wives also consider this very important. To achieve unity, in addition to daily life, the difference from a monogamous family is to handle the sexual relationship with the husbands.

Aba and Lu Wen from Dingqing Village, Dingqing County, are married. She said that both brothers are good. The elder brother is honest, loyal and kind to others, while the younger brother is young and smart. She likes her better. She is a younger brother, but she treats both brothers equally in daily life. She is not partial in her sexual life and tries to satisfy her as much as possible. The two brothers are also very kind to her and are considerate when she is not feeling well. The family is very harmonious.

When husbands and wives are in the same room, previous records generally indicate that the husband places a token at the door, and other husbands will naturally avoid it.

In Qamdo investigation, there is a new method. In some families, there is a tacit understanding between husbands, which does not require any obvious method. They will naturally know which of the brothers is sleeping with the wife. For example, the brother is not there when sleeping, goes to the wife's room, or the brother leaves after sleeping, etc. Because they live together every day and can know it from some small actions, other husbands consciously avoid it. In some specific aspects of life, different places, different families, and different people will always have some methods that suit them. It is not as standardized and uniform as some systems.

Editor’s note: It is said that walking south along Highway 59 in Utah, USA, there is a small town named Hilldale. Opposite Hilldale is Colorado City, so this place is often visited by tourists. Known as Hilldale-Colorado City. There are about 5,000 people in the town of Hilldale, most of whom believe in Mormons. They do not abide by American laws or follow traditional choices. There is still a unique tribe that practices polygamy.

Whether it is "polygamy" or "polyandry", when reading this, I am afraid that most readers will think of their own "sexual partners".

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